Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community - Research Paper Example In prehistoric times, the women gathered firewood, honey and herbs for the family. In the modern community, occupations depend on the relevant skills acquired for different fields. This also depends on the production levels present in the society. However, segregation of duties largely depends on the stereotype of the community towards gender. In history, several women took up various social responsibilities. Merit Ptah from Egypt is one of the earliest known scientists and physician as well as Baranamtarra who was an influential queen of Lugalanda. In most other communities, women assumed roles based on their cultural setup2. Some issues affecting the female gender include health issues especially in regards to reproduction, gender equality. Maternal deaths occur when a woman is pregnant or during termination of a pregnancy. The World Health Organization records that about 99% of worldwide maternal deaths occur in the Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, which are developing nations3. The developed nations came up with reproductive rights and freedoms. These rights give women an avenue to have control over their sexuality responsibilities. This prevents them from being discriminated due to their femininism as well as violence occurrences. The rights also enforce equality in men and women relationships, sexually, mutual respect, shared responsibility for the consequences of sexual behaviour as well as giving full respect for each partner’s integrity4. These rights are said to be violated when a female is forced into sterilization, into or out of pregnancy. Enforced pregnancies occur as a result of lack of contraceptive or abortion facilities as well as inefficient sexual violence laws. An example of a case which dealt with women’s reproductive rights includes the Scheidler Vs. National Organization for women. In this case, NOW filed a case against individuals and institutions who allegedly opposed the

Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War Essay Example for Free

Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War Essay Fearon’s study particularly pertains to the evaluation on which particular countries are actually prone to undergoing situations such as civil wars. In this article, he along with his co-researchers found out certain elements that contribute to the increase of threat towards the possibility of a country undergoing a civil outburst. According to the said researchers, the most important issues that needs consideration on this part of the situation is the emergence of countries that are involved in primary commodity export appointments in the field of international trade. Apparently, it is in this article that poverty has been noted to be a reactive result of several globalization approaches which also brings about the possibility of social chaos giving way to civil war. The bridge that was supposed to keep nations together through globalization is now serving as the strongest reason of gap between people around the world and even within countries. The widening gap is also producing serious consequences for the richer nations. This is because of their growing dependence on the raw materials of the nations of the â€Å"Third World. † But now these nations have changed their attitudes about how their resources will be used, and paid for. An example of this was the action taken by the oil-producing underdeveloped nations, sending shock waves throughout the industrial lands. For many decades, the poorer oil-producing nations had to sell their oil at a relatively cheap price. Recently, these nations banded together and agreed to quadruple their prices. The poor nations have laid down a clear challenge to the rich nations. They will no longer passively accept what the industrial nations have assumed for more than two centuries. That assumption was that there would always be cheap raw materials available from the poor nations. No longer is this the case. However, the dilemma of the poor nations is that most of them are not blessed with abundant raw materials. Most of them lack abundant mineral and oil resources. They are largely agricultural lands, and in bad years, they have nothing to fall back on to sell to other nations. Therefore, they will not have the money to buy the food and other things they need to help them in bad years. That is just what is happening now to various countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The main idea of studying the way people live in the society is to see how far they have fared in making their way to progress. However, contrary to the aimed unified progress, development is usually shifted only to the â€Å"haves†. Yes, the world may be seemingly unfair, equality may even seem too impossible to be achieved, but through a unified effort, having an equal community could still be worked upon by the entire human civilization; something that is most needed to avoid possible outburst of civil war. Bibliography Fearon, James. Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 4, 483-507 (2005).

Pneumonia And Tuberculosis Essay -- Health Illnesses Essays

Pneumonia and Tuberculosis Pneumonia and tuberculosis have been plaguing the citizens of the world for centuries causing millions of deaths. This occurred until the creation and use of antibiotics become more widely available. These two respiratory infections have many differences, which include their etiology, incidence and prevalence, and many similarities in their objective and subject indicators, medical interventions, course, rehabilitation and effects. To explore the relationship between pneumonia and tuberculosis we will examine a case study. Joan is a 35 year old women who was feeling fine up till a few weeks ago when she develop a sore throat. Since her sore throat she had been experiencing chest pain, a loss of appetite, coughing and a low fever so she went to visit her doctor. Her doctor admitted her to the hospital with bacterial pneumonia and after three days of unsuccessful treatment it was discovered that she actually had active tuberculosis. This misdiagnosis shows the similarities between the two diseases and how easily they can be confused. Pneumonia Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs with exudation and consolidation. Pneumonia can be one of two types: lobar pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia. Lobar pneumonia affects one lobe of a lung while bronchial pneumonia affects the areas closest to the bronchi (O'Toole, 1992). In the United States over three million people are infected with pneumonia each year; five percent of which die. Etiology There are over 30 causes for pneumonia however there are 4 main causes which are bacterial, viral, mycoplasma and fungal (American Lung Association, 1996). Bacterial pneumonia attacks everyone from young to old, however "alcoholics, the debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory disease or viral infections and people who have weakened immune systems are at greater risk" (American Lung Association, 1996). The Pneumococcusis bacteria, which is classified as Streptococcus pneumoniae, causes bacterial pneumonia and can be prevented by a vaccine. In 20 - 30% of the cases the infection spreads to the blood stream (MedicineNet, 1997) which can lead to secondary infections. Viral pneumonia accounts for half of all pneumonia cases (American Lung Association, 1996) unfortunately there is no effective tre... ...sis can be kept under control with the use of antibiotics and the earlier that the infection is caught the better chance of a prompt recovery. References American Lung Association. (1996). Pneumonia [Online]. Available URL: http://www.lungusa.org/noframes/learn/lung/lunpneumonia.html American Lung Association. (1996) Tuberculosis [Online]. Available URL: http://www.lungusa.org/noframes/learn/lung/luntb.html Cook, Allan R., & Dresser, Peter D. (Ed.). (1995). Respiratory diseases and disorders sourcebook (6). Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc. Galantino, Mary Lou., & Bishop, Kathy Lee. (1994, February). The new TB. PT Magazine. P. 53-61 MedicineNet. (1997). Diseases & treatments: pneumonia [Online]. Available URL: http://www.medicinenet.com/mainmenu/encyclop/ARTICLE/Art_P/pneumon.htm National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine. (1989). Med Facts Pneumonia [Online]. Available URL: http://www.hjc.org/MFhtml/PNE_MF.html O'Toole, M. (Ed.). (1992). Miller-Keane encyclopedia and dictionary of medicine, nursing, and allied health. Toronto: W.B. Saunders. Schlossberg, David. (Ed.). (1994). Tuberculosis (3rd ed.). New York: Springer - Verlag.

Emerging Women Politicians Essay

The main political documents of the period confirm this point. The Declaration of Independence (1776) espoused no theory of women’s rights, saying merely that all men are created equal, without defining exactly what this meant. The new state constitutions, ratified a short time later, generally excluded women from exercising any political power, frequently in a more specific manner than before. There was one exception: the state of New Jersey. Either by design or by chance, the framers of its constitution wrote that â€Å"all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds,† 5 and have been residents for 12 months, â€Å"shall be entitled to vote,† 5 and this was construed to include unmarried women otherwise qualified. Even though not too several of those eligible took advantage of the opportunity at first, a number of single or widowed New Jersey women ultimately went to the polls and cast ballots. However this turn of events did not cause similar happenings elsewhere. Most other states, start with New York in 1777, had made sure that women could not vote by using the word â€Å"male† to explain potential electors. In fact, in no case did the rights of women become a public issue; their exclusion was just taken for granted. The reasons for excluding women from the political process were not generally spelled out in print. However, the statement of Theophilus Parsons of Massachusetts in an extensively read tract recognized as the Essex Result (1778) most likely well expressed the prevailing male view. Whereas Parsons affirmed that women must not vote for the reason that they were unworldly, Thomas Jefferson, in a letter discussing the question of representation, later argued that women must be barred from all political activity so as to prevent them from becoming worldly. This would protect their morals, which, he said, would become endangered if they mixed promiscuously in the public meetings of men. In these comments and others like them, patriotic contributions to the war endeavour were ignored and long-standing ideas regarding women’s morals and supposed â€Å"domestic† nature were considered dominant. (Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789) Even though the above statements most likely embodied the point of view of most men, it is obvious that not all women readily consented to being barred from political life. Hannah Lee Corbin, sister of the famous Virginian Richard Henry Lee, for one, objected to this conduct. In a strongly worded letter to her brother in 1777, she urged him to support suffrage rights as a minimum for property-holding widows. She asserted that since such women paid taxes it was unjust to impose a system of taxation without representation upon them. In the meantime, there is evidence to illustrate that quite a few women had a high level of political awareness, in spite of their restricted â€Å"intercourse with the world. † (Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789) Among northern women, two of the most well versed in politics were Sarah (Sally) Livingston Jay and Catherine (Kitty) Livingston, daughters of New Jersey governor William Livingston and both married to politically active men. Sally Jay, the wife of diplomat John Jay of New York, escorted her husband during the war on his imperative foreign mission to Spain. Her letters back home were time after time filled with political subjects, while sometimes she felt the need to apologize for having â€Å"transgress’d the line that I proposed to observe in my correspondence by dipping into politicks, but my country and my friends possess so entirely my thoughts that you must not wonder if my pen runs beyond the dictates of prudence. † 6 Kitty Livingston’s letters were even more greatly political than those of her sister. All through the 1780s, she corresponded with major congressional figures like Gouverneur Morris and her brother-in-law John Jay, presenting comments on national affairs, particularly concerning the actions of Congress. On one occasion, Kitty’s brother, Henry Brockholst Livingston, remarked to her: â€Å"I know your bent for Politics, and how little you value a Letter in which a few pages are not taken up with news. †

Qualities of a good leader Essay

Whenever and wherever human beings are gathered together in large numbers, they need leadership. Even children need their school prefects and schools captains ! Armies need Generals. Civilians need governments, captains of industry and intellectual leaders of thought as well. Men whether of the East or the West, require to be led and each group ‘throws up’ its own leaders in each succeeding generation. Whether in the school-room, or on the battlefield or in governmental deliberations, people who are natural leaders and who are chosen to lead, always have the same qualities of character and of outlook. In the first place, it is the personal qualities that count for most, in other words, the personality. A leader, in any location, must be someone who can be looked up to and respected. His personal judgment must be trusted and he must be able to evoke love and warmth from those he leads. So the, the first quality of a leader is that he must have the ability to win over men’s hearts. Secondly, he must have intellectual control over his followers and a mind that is capable of assimilating what is true and what is right and then of exerting this over others. It is useless, no matter what personal qualities or what intellectual prowess a man may have, if he lacks the initiative and the will to lead and to rally men around him. He must also, in his search for truth, have great powers of concentration. Again, a leader must possess this mysterious thing we call â€Å"character† or strength of will, clarity of mind, tenacity and determination. In other words â€Å"character† is knowing what you want to do and being ruthlessly determined to do it. Men and women will not follow a gloomy person! Therefore a kind sense of humor and a sense of optimism are two other essential qualities of a good leader. He must also, not only be a good judge of thins and of events, but of people too, so that he can select good subordinates. He must also show and practice such virtues as self-control, temperance and moderation, so that not only his body, but also his mind are always at their best, healthy  and sharpened like finely tempered steel. There is, too the good leader and the bad leader, of which Hitler, is a striking example of bad leader because it is possible to have all the qualities of leadership without the most important one of all. This is a moral sense of right and wrong and the right kind of â€Å"love† which is emphasized in many of the world’s great religions. This is true not only of international figures like Adolf Hitler, but also in smaller figures. The â€Å"gangs† of youths, typical of both East and West, whose members are led to violence and lawlessness are invariably led and inspired by leaders without a moral sense of right and wrong. The final test of a good leader is, of course, the question: â€Å"Do men follow him?† The answer will be â€Å"Yes† if, combined with strength of character, the ability to evoke love, a clear brain and a fair minded outlook, he also has a knowledge and respect for truth, honesty and fair play. Such a man surely possesses the spark of leadership and men will look up to him and follow him.

Recommendations For The Right Dissertation Formatting

Recommendations For The Right Dissertation Formatting How To Complete Your Dissertation And Format It Properly? Congratulate you with your last stage of the dissertation writing! You have passed all the most complicated stages of choosing the topic, searching for the information, organizing your work etc. Now all you need is just to finish everything right. We are talking about final touches that will make your dissertation look good and readable. We will talk about traditional paper-based black and white printed dissertation. In case you work on the electronic papers, there might be some difference in the requirements, so you need to check up the ones that are related to the particular technology. This may include special formatting of the table, converting to PDF, adding hyperlinks and creating the interactive passages. Correct formatting of the paper The list of requirements for the dissertation formatting usually varies depending on university or even its departments. Usually, students are informed of what main requirements exist for the particular type of writing in their department. Usually, every dissertation has in its structure the abstract, acknowledgments, and the Table of Contents that are placed in the beginning. Additionally can be added lists with abbreviations, special tables and other content required for better understanding of the dissertation. You need to make sure that pages that are mentioned in your table of content are correct and refer to the right pages in the dissertation. This is the moment you will need to make sure that every chapter begins on the page you have specified and with the same heading. You will need to make sure that headings and subheadings are not placed at the bottom of the page. You will need to check the formatting for bibliography pages according to the chosen standard and many more. This is important as you have done so much work on this paper, do not neglect the simplest but sometimes crucial part of dissertation estimation. Proofread your dissertation Ask someone to proofread your paper as this can be really helpful in making it great. When we work on the paper for a long time and focus on many things at the same time, there is a risk we skip some mistakes. But the side person will have a fresh view on your paper and may notice some mistakes we made. Even if English is your native language you will likely make some mistakes that even computer will pass. For non-English speaking students, proofreading is the most important part of completing the paper though. This is not the same as feedback. When you ask someone to proofread your paper, you count the person will find and fix your spelling, grammar, and contextual mistakes, that you could not notice for various reasons. Ask your tutor for feedback Your supervisor is one of the most significant side participants in your paper writing. If you got lucky to get the opportunity your tutor wants to revise your dissertation, you need to jump into it. Having feedback from the person who definitely knows more than you and understands the concepts better is a great chance to improve your dissertation. But do your best to make your tutor to provide the feedback during the whole writing process, not only after the final revision before the presentation. Check the chapter after chapter to correct your direction. Also, you must understand that your tutor is also a human being with own priorities and abilities. You cannot ask a person to revise more than 200 pages in a few days and provide deep feedback on it. In this way, you risk only to make your tutor cranky. But if you will provide enough time or will ask for feedback gradually for each chapter, you will likely receive quality comments. Make sure your supervisor has enough time and access to your paper. The next thing you should keep in mind is that you are the expert as well. And there is no need to change your paper in order to make it fit the way of your supervisor’s thoughts. The thing is that their comments usually are suggestions and it is up to you whether to apply them or not. This is your work and only you can decide whether the particular change will fit the general course of your paper or not. So you also should check whether the supervisor’s comments are in accordance with your own general view of the topic. Ask your peers for feedback In case your supervisor does not have time to revise your dissertation at the moment, you can ask your mates for help. You do not have to waste time and it is better to look for opportunities to get feedback from someone who also can estimate your work. Usually, your peers are on the same level as you so you cannot count for sure on their expertise. The final word should be from your supervisor, of course. But still, you can get some minor suggestions that may help you to fix some minor aspects. And by the moment your tutor will have time you will be able to fix some flaws. Keep in mind that your peers could be as busy as you are and they will not have much time for quality revision of your paper. Moreover, they are likely not aware of the topic you are disclosing so it could be hard for them to get the idea. This could be an obstacle for providing valuable comments. But you can take advantage of this situation and use it as an opportunity to improve your work for â€Å"outsiders†. In case your peer will have difficulties in understanding the base concepts, this could be a reason to add some explanations or to simplify some passages. But you need to check university guidelines considering peer collaboration first. In some universities, there are rules that do not let peers collaborate during working on academic writing as this may be considered as collusion between students. Anyway, you will need the feedback from your tutor for sure. Usually, this is the main and the most significant source of comments to your paper that you can use for its improvement. Your supervisor, as a rule, is well aware of the topic you are disclosing as well as of the subject itself. Purchased feedback Sometimes students need more than one feedback, especially when one feedback from your tutor is not enough. This may be caused by your own poor time management, when you could not meet checking deadlines or because of other reasons connected with the tutor’s circumstances. Anyway, having extra feedback from the external source could be useful as well. This type of feedback can serve you a great deal. You need to find a reputable source of feedback in order to get qualified recommendations. They could help you to improve your paper in general or get ready to possible tricky questions from the professors during your dissertation presentation. But before discussing more details about it, let’s pay attention to the importance of finding a dependable source. Despite the fact that every feedback for the dissertation is aimed at its improving, you are the author of the paper and this is your task to choose whether to implement them or not. It is like with peer feedback when you can either get benefits of it or not. But using the side feedback require more attention as you will likely pay for this so you need to make sure that your investment will bring you good recommendations. The first thing that you need to check is the reputation of the company you are about to address your request. You need to make sure that you will be provided with an expert in the field you working in and the expertise level of this person will be higher than yours. The checker should have deep knowledge in the field and be aware of the main formatting and structuring principles of the dissertation writing. Secondly, you need to make your request as detailed as possible. You need to specify what aspects of your dissertation you are not sure in and where you think might be the week parts. This is needed to point out what parts you want to be revised more closely and for what aspects you want to get more detailed feedback. This will help you to improve your dissertation in the parts that really need to be improved, without wasting time on the for sure good parts. Make sure you have guided the reviewer in the right direction. This will provide you with guarantees that the company will give you the feedback relevant to your issues. And you should be interested in getting as many comments as possible. You can get two types of feedback: basic and detailed. The first one will point out the general aspects of your dissertation you need to fix, like formatting. The second one will include recommendations for improvement. For instance, you can get feedback like: â€Å"The first part of the chapter is not clear enough. Try to make sentences simpler and more understandable to the regular reader.† Or you can get comments like: â€Å"The first two sentences of the chapter are too complicated. You can divide them into smaller sentences and we suggest you replace the words [examples] with alternatives like [examples].† Sometimes you also will be provided with examples of how you can fix the problem. Both of these types of feedback are good and aimed at improving your dissertation look and content. But this is not a limit as you can get even more detailed paid feedback. It will be aimed at an estimation of your dissertation as a whole. This can be useful for preparing for your presentation as you will have some versions of how people may react to your work. Anyway, you need to have the fullest information on how you can improve your dissertation. Sure thing, there might be some general aspects that are referred to the typical mistakes. But having personalized feedback also will help you to adjust your thoughts and presentation to the dissertation specifications. Also, the reviewer might point out the week parts of your paper that you have missed. This is due to the fact that working on the paper for a long time you simply cannot fond all the flaws. However, this is not an obligatory option as not every student needs to address to the side help. Sometimes the feedback from your tutor is more than enough. But if you decide that this type of help can be useful in your situation, be careful in choosing the service that you will not regret to pay for assistance. If you choose a dependable company, you will be sure that your paper will be reviewed by the academics who can provide really priceless comments and recommendations. Arranging appendixes Appendixes are the parts of your dissertation added to the end of it. The need to be arranged in a logical sequence in the order you use them in your paper. As a rule, universities provide requirements for appendix formatting as well. Usually, you will be asked to number them with regular numeration like 1, 2, 3 Or you will be able to use letters for this purpose (A, B, C) and it will correspond to the title in the Table of Content. In case you need to include graphics and figures in your appendix section, make sure that they are formatted properly in order to stay on one page. Make the font consistent to the rest of the paper as well. This will help your reader easily scan your dissertation’s appendixes and find the required info. Do not make the common mistake and do not add a table, figures, graphics etc. to your dissertation if they are not used in the main part. Appendix section should contain only the items that are needed for the paper. Final words Sure, completing your dissertation and making all the fixings may require much more time then you expected. Usually, students spend the last pieces of their energy on this task and by the end of the work they are exhausted completely. But the main task here for you will be not to give up as this is the last stage and you cannot fall down near the finishing line. This is when you can make a difference between simply completing your paper or for real impress your marker and get extra points. Of course, you would like to make your paper easy-readable to provide the estimator with the ability to get the idea and to navigate your dissertation easily. And you have numerous tools to reach this goal. Take time for proofreading. Benefit from feedback, external as well as internal. Check the compatibility of your paper to the requirements defined by your university and other formatting standards. Paying attention to all these aspects will give you an advantage and more chance to present your dissertation at its best.

Mental Illness Essays (448 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Mental Illness Essays (448 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis Mental Illness Mental Illness Mental illness is a disorder that is characterized by disturbances in a persons thought, emotions, or behavior. Mental illness refers to a wide variety of disorders, ranging from those that cause mild distress to those that impair a persons ability to function in daily life. Many have tried to figure out the reasons for mental illnesses. All of these reasons have been looked at and thought of for thousands of years. The biological perspective views mental illness as a bodily process. Where as the psychological perspectives think the role of a persons upbringing and environment are causes for mental illnesses. Researchers estimate that about 24 percent of people over eighteen in the United States suffer from some sort of common mental illness, such as depression and phobias. Studies have also shown that 2.6 percent of adults in the United States suffer from some sort of severe form of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, panic disorders, or bipolar disorders. Younger people also suffer from mental illnesses the same way that adults do. 14 to 20 percent of individuals under the age of eighteen suffer from a case of mental illness. Studies show that 9 to 13 percent of children between the ages of nine and seventeen suffer from a serious emotional disturbances, that disrupts the childs daily life. Major depression is a severe disorder. Symptoms include withdraw from family and/or friends, weight loss, sleeping problems, frequent crying, fleeing helpless, delusions, and hallucinations. This disease is usually diagnosed during adolescence; parents may notice grades dropping, poor self-image, troubled social relations, and suicidal acts. This disease may be fatal if the person becomes suicidal. Phobia is a disease where a person has an irrational fear of an object or situation. Some examples of phobias are fear of flight, cats, heights, enclosed spaces, reptiles, and the most severe is agoraphobia the fear to leave a safe place such as home. Phobias are diagnosed personhows sings of a certain fear many times. This can only affect a persons life if the phobia is severe. For example, if a person has agoraphobia, fear of leaving a safe place then that persons life would be very isolated. If a person has the fear ailurophobia, fear of heights then that person can still live a normal life. This disease is not fatal unless the person becomes depressed because of being isolated. Schizophrenia is a disturbance that causes you to have misperceptions of reality; this may also cause hallucinations and delusions. Person may also show inadequate speech patterns, impaired social and occupational functioning, and bad personal hygiene. This disease is usually diagnosed at a young age. Family and/or friends may notice symptoms.

How to Plan a Game Development Project

How to Plan a Game Development Project One of the most complicated aspects of game development is planning. Some would argue that small indie projects don’t need this step; they simply need to work on the project until it’s done. This is far from true. Initial Planning The design framework laid at the project’s origin will determine the course for the entire project’s development. Its important to remember at this step that nothing is set in stone, but you should attempt to be as accurate as possible. Feature List First, analyze the design document and determine the game’s requirements. Then, split out each requirement into a list of features that will be needed to implement the requirement. Breaking Down the Tasks Take each feature and work with your leads in each area (art, animation, programming, sound, level design, etc) to break it down into tasks for each department (a group or person, depending on the size of your team). Assigning Tasks The lead of each group should then create initial time requirement estimates for each task and assign them to team members. After this is complete, the lead should work with the team to ensure that the estimates are correct and reasonable. Dependencies The project manager then must take all the task estimates and place them into a project management software package, either Microsoft Project or Excel (the two long-time industry standards) or any of the newer choices available for agile project management. Once the tasks are added, the project manager must look at the tasks and match dependencies between teams to ensure that the timing of creating a feature doesn’t have impossible relationships that prevent it from being completed within necessary time frames. For example, to fully implement a racing game, you wouldnt schedule the coding of tire durability before the completion of the physics system. You would have no framework to base the tire code upon. Scheduling This is where things get particularly complicated, but where the need for project management in the first place becomes more apparent. The project manager assigns estimated start and completion dates for each task. In traditional project planning, you end up with a cascading â€Å"waterfall† view, which shows the timeline for completion of the project and the dependencies that link the tasks. Its critical to remember to factor in slippage, employee sick time, unexpected delays on features, etc. This is a time-consuming step, but it will quickly give you an idea of exactly how much time the project will take to complete. What to Do With the Data By looking at this project plan, you can determine if a feature is going to be costly in time (and, therefore, money) and make decisions about whether the feature is necessary for the game to succeed. You might decide that delaying a feature to update- or even a sequel- makes more sense. Also, tracking how long you’ve worked on a feature is useful in determining if its time to either try a new technique to solve the problem or cut the feature for the good of the project. Milestones A frequent use of project planning involves the creation of milestones. Milestones indicate when a certain element of functionality, a time period of working on the project, or a percentage of the tasks has been completed. For internal project tracking, milestones are useful for planning purposes and for giving the team specific goals to aim for. When working with a publisher, milestones frequently determine how and when the developing studio is paid. Final Notes Project planning is regarded by many as a nuisance, but youll almost always find that developers who plan projects well in advance and hit their milestones are the ones who succeed in the long run.

Brief synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Brief synopsis - Assignment Example The article shows through interviews with John, who suffered greatly and later had a sex change back to being male, that the true facts of the case were suppressed by the medical establishment and that many such operations were both wrong and ineffective. Nowadays the medical advice is to raise childred cosmetically in one or other gender, until the child himself or herself can participate in permanent physical and hormonal re-assignment decisions. This web page gathers materials relating to the case of a young gay man called Matthew Shepard who was killed in 1998 in a violent way by homophobic people in his home town of Laramie, Wyoming. Soon after his death, which shocked the nation, interviews were held with members of the local community. Following that a play was written, to explore the origins and consequences of prejudice and hate against gay people. The website gathers articles and reports on the original crime, reactions to it, the play and its reception, and reflections ten years later on what these efforts have done to highlight the ongoing issue of homophobic violence. It is a useful collection of fact and opinion, keeping the issue alive, and reminding people not to be complacent about instances of homophobia in their community, however mild they seem at first, because they can escalate into terrible consequences. This is a campaigning website providing information and links on the subject of equality for gay and straight people in marriage laws. There is very useful map of all the states of America showing where marriage is legal for homosexual couples, where civil partnerships allowed, and where few or not rights in terms of partnership and marriage are allowed in all the different state laws. There is a possibility to make a pledge for gay equality and donate funds. Articles and information are gathered and this is a serious, comprehensive presentation of arguments and facts in favour of legalizing marriage for gay people uniformly across all

Introduction of my self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction of my self - Essay Example English being a commonly understood language proved extremely beneficial for me in this foreign land as it helped in earning many friends that belonged to various ethnic groups and cultures both in Korea and the United States. English also helped me in improving my conversational skills and in increasing my social network, which further enhanced my confidence and strengthened my personality. This confidence helped me in passing out matriculation from Pennsylvania State University. Inspired by my father, who is the CEO of Bellastone Resort, I developed keen interest in economics and business from the beginning. Because of this inspiration and interest, I opted for economics as my major in my academics. Studying economics further strengthened my curiosity for world economics and financial issues affecting the world. Though I earned a green card in the United States, I chose to join Korean armed forces, which boosted my inner strength to a great extent. My key role in the Korean military forces was to translate general administrative documents from Korean to English. During this time, I also learnt various aspects of Korean culture, which included maintenance of relationships between superiors and subordinates. Though I had only two years of experience in the military services, I was able to adapt to the Korean life style and also revert to the American life style shortly thereafter. I realized that my biggest strength was to build good interpersonal relationships owing to ten years of experience in multicultural settings and dealing with people of all age groups. This experience not only helped in learning about different ethnicities and cultures, it also rid me off all possible biases towards specific ethnic or age groups. My openness and positive attitude helps in accepting people with different thinking and values, thereby

Classical Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical Management Theory - Essay Example sion of labor, order, span of control, authority and responsibility, discipline, remuneration of personnel, equity, tenure stability, subordination of individual interests over general interests, initiative and Espirit de Corps (Anapkumar 2005). Some elements of the Fayol’s theory continue to have a positive impact on the culture of a functional unit. Although the theory does not include communication as one of its element, it is implicit that both vertical and horizontal communications are considered vital to the performance of the elements of this theory. The power structure advocated for by the theory espouses optimal functionality with managers holding authority over and responsibility to employees and the later submitting to the rules and orders (Miner 2006). Rewarding of employees within the organization through application of monetary rewards and job security boosts their work morale. The theorys insistence on human resource continues to play a crucial part in businesses successes worldwide by focusing on employees’ development. It views personnel as the essence of an organization but is attributed to the the growth of public administration. (Miner 2006) The theory is plagued by numerous weaknesses in dynamic market place which does not strictly adhere to the tenets of management as proposed by Fayol . Its insistence on excessive hierarchy, rigid compliance to rules, promotion on seniority and over developed specialization cannot work in todays market place unless it is made flexible. If not, it might be a precursor to bureau morbid behavior. A consequence of this will be bloated companies and proliferation of rules which will make it harder for companies to cope with the dynamic market place. The theorys treatment of employees as economic, irrational, passive and inert beings who are a product of the means of production capable of being only motivated by means of money works against the functional in todays businesses. (Alajloni et al 2010) It fails

Struggle for Womens Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Struggle for Womens Vote - Essay Example P. 15, John Smart (2001). "20th Century British Drama," Cambridge University Press,UK. The other side of that era had come to be known as the Great Depression in the US. This was brought on by the Wall Street crash of 1929 which swept the world's financial markets. P. 17 As economic conditions deteriorated, coal mine owners reduced miners wages to trigger a massive strike of coal miners. In England, the Labour Party itself and the Trade Union Congress joined 4 million workers in supporting the widespread protest of miners. Hunger marches were later held in London and elsewhere. While the world economy went into a tailspin, a crisis of ideology came along with it. Many begun to doubt the capability of capitalism, already found difficult to defend morally as it were, to deliver jobs and prosperity. Many thinkers saw in the crisis the fulfillment of Marx's ideas that capitalism was doomed. They began to look at communism as one that offered a fairer and more efficient system. Against this backdrop of unfilled needs and prevailing mood for protest, women picked up the fight for suffrage with greater determination and, after a long and hard struggle, won it. "The developing sense of women's rights and their roles in society is a major theme of the 20th century" Smart,p.8 The protest movement began and ended in Britain such that the coining of the term"suffragette" was attributed to London's Daily Mail. Ruth Rasnic (2006) "The 20th Century - The Century That Made an Impact," Jewish Women International, Vol. 1, Issue 5. It was coined in a derisive vein, which reflected the general attitude towards the movement. Why - Reasons for the protest As far back as the Edwardian era in the 19th century British women had rebelled against their condition as the largest underclass of that time. P.7, Smart. The more educated women became, the sharper their awareness grew on the discrimination they had suffered in a male-dominated world. This was among the topics taken up by the "Blue Stocking" ladies in England, who had counterparts in the US, France and other countries in Europe, as they gathered regularly for tea and literary, intellectual or entertainment discussions. Ruth Rasnic (2006) believes schooled women actually begun to vocalize their concern over their stifled rights during that era. Calmly at first, they started calling attention to the fact that for so long, women had been relegated to an inferior position in all cultures, societies and religions. By tradition, the man was lord and master for women to love, honor and obey. Women are given away in marriage, sold on dowry like cattle. Only the husband can divorce his wife and never the other way around. In some cultures, women cannot choose their spouses and female castration was a popular custom. In China, women were subjected to "foot-binding" as girls so that they would be controlled by men in their lifetime.3 ________________________ 3 In this custom, the girls' feet are bound in cement in childhood to make movement painful. Such discrimination against

Consensual Relationship Agreements Research Paper - 1

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Research Paper Example Establishing a baseline of individual freedom means that adults must be allowed to enter into consensual relationships with other adults (Eichner). States must not delegitimize relationships among consenting adults and relationships should be recognized. Sexual harassment litigation fears means more and more companies are scrambling to create appropriate policies to consider, define, and somehow regulate the demonstration of these relationships in the workplace (Powers, p. 20). Consensual Relationship Contracts Anywhere from 33% to as high as 70% of company employees have at one time or another admitted to being involved in an office relationship. Work provides opportunities for socialization among men and women that would not be possible anywhere else. Togetherness occurs naturally in a comfortable and mutual environment and the mutual grounding of close friendship will frequently develop into romance. Employees often rush easily into these relationships despite factors, such as the possibility the relationship may not work out, the organizational environment may prove to be too rigid or the affair would invoke the criticism of fellow employees. Workplace romance trends have been increasing for several reasons, namely, increased demands on free time, more women in the workplace and in management positions, and an increase in positions requiring travel and team projects. Guidelines should be implemented which accept the inevitable realities of on the job romance while also providing the organization with protection from the problems of relationship fall-outs. One half of all work place relationships are estimated to end in marriage, studies show that environments where peers are likeminded in respect to education, life experience, and work ability are more likely to be compatible and have lasting relationships. Relationships that break down and are not resolved amicably can leave employers facing a variety of possible claims. Issues, such as a failed transfer o f one employee after a relationship, could lead to litigation claims. Homosexual relationships could lead to sexual orientation discrimination claims if the individuals are not treated equally. Some employers choose to ban relationships among employees in order to avoid these issues through non-fraternization policies (Reeves, p. 20). Bans, such as this, run the risk of breeching human rights policy and are not likely to be effective considering the amount of relationships that now begin in the work place. Some employers are using contacts or consensual relationship agreements which require disclosure of a relationship, thus, giving the employer the opportunity to relocate one employee or the other to avoid conflict. These contracts have an uncertain legal status and enforceability has been tested numerous times in legal tribunals and lawsuits. Consensual relationship contracts are used in order to avoid sexual harassment and retaliation lawsuits, especially when relationships invol ve employees who are on different levels of authority. The majority of companies do not have policies in place regarding consensual

Population ontrol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Population ontrol - Research Paper Example Population growth control has born fruits in developing nations. Most of these nations experience declining populations that resulted from the population growth control initiatives (Binstock & George, 1990). In developing countries, the rate of fertility is said to be over six per cent. The use of contraceptives is despised. This means the population control problem has not been solved (Eastwood & Lipton, 1999). According to Eastwood & Lipton (1999), the death rate affects the population projections and population growth control. The highest population growth is found in the poorest countries. The relationship between poverty and population growth is seen as inconsequential where fertility is high in the poorest percentage of the developing countries (Eastwood & Lipton, 1999). This leaves substantial room for debate to the appropriateness of population growth control. Population growth control is perceived to be either ethical or unethical. Population growth control is directly proportional to the quality of life (Livi-Bacci & De Santis, 2004). According to some collective initiative approaches, family planning policy or policies are influential tools to enhance the development. The approach views population growth in terms of sharing resources and development of infrastructure. According to Cleland, low population growth in some countries had led to economic growth.... According to Cleland, low population growth in some countries had led to economic growth. This has been helpful in fertility and poverty reduction. Population growth control is driven by a practical rationale of offering quality health care and upbringing to the family. The need to have a quality life and health populations is seen as the major reason for population control (Binstock & George, 1990). As a result, it is rational to pro-active to safeguard the future as pro population control growth collective urges (Eastwood & Lipton, 1999). According to the research, there is no clear dichotomy when it comes to the relationship between poverty and fertility. Binstock and George (1990) argue that poor people can choose large families as a rational way of dealing hardships. Large populations are expected to strain the ability of the government to avail quality services (Livi-Bacci & Gustavo, 2004). This must be perceived in terms of projections (Birdsall & Allen, 2001). Population grow th means the policies makers must keep evaluating the policies and projections. A fifth of the world’s richest people use resources over sixty six times compared to the world's poorest fifth (Eastwood & Lipton, 1999). This suggests that the little population growth in western nations means wastage of resources. Research shows they spend more than the poor nations where population growth is not controlled. The argument that population control is ethical fails to answer the concern by the over usage of resources in the developed countries (Eastwood & Lipton, 1999). The morality of using family control measures has been a source of controversy. In some remote cultures, population control is viewed to be unethical and

Consensual Relationship Agreements Research Paper - 1

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Research Paper Example Establishing a baseline of individual freedom means that adults must be allowed to enter into consensual relationships with other adults (Eichner). States must not delegitimize relationships among consenting adults and relationships should be recognized. Sexual harassment litigation fears means more and more companies are scrambling to create appropriate policies to consider, define, and somehow regulate the demonstration of these relationships in the workplace (Powers, p. 20). Consensual Relationship Contracts Anywhere from 33% to as high as 70% of company employees have at one time or another admitted to being involved in an office relationship. Work provides opportunities for socialization among men and women that would not be possible anywhere else. Togetherness occurs naturally in a comfortable and mutual environment and the mutual grounding of close friendship will frequently develop into romance. Employees often rush easily into these relationships despite factors, such as the possibility the relationship may not work out, the organizational environment may prove to be too rigid or the affair would invoke the criticism of fellow employees. Workplace romance trends have been increasing for several reasons, namely, increased demands on free time, more women in the workplace and in management positions, and an increase in positions requiring travel and team projects. Guidelines should be implemented which accept the inevitable realities of on the job romance while also providing the organization with protection from the problems of relationship fall-outs. One half of all work place relationships are estimated to end in marriage, studies show that environments where peers are likeminded in respect to education, life experience, and work ability are more likely to be compatible and have lasting relationships. Relationships that break down and are not resolved amicably can leave employers facing a variety of possible claims. Issues, such as a failed transfer o f one employee after a relationship, could lead to litigation claims. Homosexual relationships could lead to sexual orientation discrimination claims if the individuals are not treated equally. Some employers choose to ban relationships among employees in order to avoid these issues through non-fraternization policies (Reeves, p. 20). Bans, such as this, run the risk of breeching human rights policy and are not likely to be effective considering the amount of relationships that now begin in the work place. Some employers are using contacts or consensual relationship agreements which require disclosure of a relationship, thus, giving the employer the opportunity to relocate one employee or the other to avoid conflict. These contracts have an uncertain legal status and enforceability has been tested numerous times in legal tribunals and lawsuits. Consensual relationship contracts are used in order to avoid sexual harassment and retaliation lawsuits, especially when relationships invol ve employees who are on different levels of authority. The majority of companies do not have policies in place regarding consensual

College Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College - Math Problem Example Hi! It is simple, though unusual. Vectors differ from many other mathematical notions because a vector is determined by both numerical value and vector's direction. So, vector is not only a number. You can imagine a vector as an arrow of certain length. Exactly! You can compare it with buses that have the same route but go in the opposite direction. If you stand at a bus stop waiting for the bus to go to the nearby town, it does not help you if exactly the same minute the bus leaves the town of your destination and heads the other way. Although it is the same bus, you can not ride it as it goes in the different direction. The straight-line movement of the bus can be characterized by a vector. To determine whether it is better to use elimination or substitution method to solve a system of equations, first of all, it is advisable to examine closely the coefficients in the equations of the original system. If the coefficients before one of the variables in two of the equations are the same, but have the opposite sign (or have the same sign - then one of the equations should be simply multiplied by -1) then it would be more practical to use the elimination method. This method is also handy for solving bigger systems that contain three or more variables.

Sherlock Holmes short stories Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes short stories Essay Arthur Conan-Doyle is the acclaimed author of the infamous Sherlock Holmes short stories. His stories, although often different in setting and subject follow certain characteristics that link them all together. The characteristics enable us to distinguish Conan-Doyles stories from stories of a similar genre, and allow the reader to stay interested in the whole series of stories as certain main features of the stories such as the relationship between Holmes and Watson can remain fairly consistent and yet there may be slight changes to keep the reader on their toes. The first characteristic of a Sherlock Holmes short story is the introduction made by Watson, although it is not always Watson telling the story it is always the good Dr who introduces the reader to the next exciting adventure. In most occasions Dr Watson does continue to narrate the whole story as most of he stories are recited to us from Watsons notes. However, on certain occasions like in the case of the Musgrave Rituals it is Holmes telling the story of a past case to Watson. From the Musgrave Ritual we begin to realize how much Holmes is admired by Watson. This is another important characteristic used by Conan-Doyle as it begins to outline the two detectives great if unconventional friendship. In the Musgrave Ritual we learn that Holmes expeditions started before his biography had come to glorify him. Watson asks Holmes if These are cases of you early work then? I have often wished that I had notes of those cases In showing his admiration of Holmes to the reader Watson illustrates his role in the friendship, Holmes then shows us his arrogance and domination of the friendship when he is refers to Watson as nothing but his biographer in a quite derogatory manner. This scene is replayed in many of the Holmes short stories and is a regular characteristic throughout. After the introduction by Watson we are quickly introduced to the case by either Holmes or Watson, this is often by the introduction of a third party, the victim of the case, or an inspector having trouble solving a case or even and old man who lost a turkey in the case of the Blue Carbunkle. The third party brings to the story a new personality, and the way they are introduced is another consistent characteristic of a Sherlock Holmes story.  Arthur Conan-Doyle goes into great detail when describing a new character into the adventure. Through Watson (in most cases) the readers imaginary taste buds are tickled with fantastic slices of information, which make the fictional tale even more lifelike. When we are introduced to Dr Grimesby Roylott, of Stoke Moran in the adventure of The Speckled Band we are given half a page of description,  a huge man had framed himself in the aperture.  His costume was a peculiar mixture of the professionaland of the agricultural, having a black top-hat, a long   frock-coat and a pair of high gaiters, with a hunting- crop  swinging in his hand. So tall was he that his hat actually  brushed the cross bar of the doorway, and his breadth  seemed to span it across from side to side. A large face,  seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun,  and marked with every evil passion, was turned from one to  the other of us, while his deep-set, bile shot eyes, and his high,  thin fleshless nose, gave him somewhat the resemblance  to a fierce old bird of prey. As the story progresses Watson acts as a link between the reader and the puzzle, he is often as confused as we are as Holmes delves deeper into the mystery.  Conan Doyle litters red herrings around his stories so as to distract the reader from the path that Holmes may be taking and to build up the feeling of suspense, this is a common technique used by the author although not always to the same affect. Conan Doyle uses the red herring well in the case of the 6 Napoleons where the motive for the crime is not realised until the very end of the tale, so the red herrings are harder to spot. Holmes character is consistent throughout the stories, he is very enigmatic in his work and unwilling to share what he has found until the crime has been solved, in his conclusion Holmes uses simple sentences as he unfolds his methods to solving the crime, he makes it seem very simple.  I could not say that he had not found the pearly in Harkers  bust. I had not even concluded for certain that it was the pearl.  The name of the murdered man linked the one even with the other. Holmes is seldom humbled, and rarely shows emotion this is another of Conan Doyles characteristics that that complement the stories  Arthur Conan Doyle followed certain techniques when writing the Sherlock Holmes short stories, he kept many characteristics constant so as to write a complete series. And, although each of the stories were quite different to one another they are all easily distinguished as an Arthur Conan Doyle piece of work. This is perhaps the reason that the novels were so successful with book readers worldwide.

Pricing Websites For Sale :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Pricing Websites For Sale Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com As a market leader in existing website sales, VontanWeb receives many questions about valuing websites. It always amazes me how some website owners come up with the value of a website being sold. No wonder many websites never sell. In many instances no consideration is given to the total picture. Will the available cash flow of the website be able to pay the debt of a loan to purchase the website? Will the website as priced be attractive to financing sources? I have seen many â€Å"professional website valuations† where the price just doesn’t make sense – and sellers wonder why buyers are not standing in line to purchase their website. Market Approach There is a solution that is grounded in the fundamentals of economics, and time tested in the marketplace, where the influences of supply and demand ultimately determine where a website belongs on the price scale. One economist explains this market approach by comparing a business to a machine which has the purpose of making money: The more money it makes, the more it is worth. This is why there is greater demand for very small and profitable websites with few hard assets, than there is for large, popular and high maintenance websites that generate a huge cash flow, but can’t make a living for its owner. Adjusted Net Income The first category of information needed is called adjusted net income, and is the total amount of cash produced by the â€Å"money machine.† Of course, this figure includes the website profits and the owner’s salary. It’s important to remember that the adjusted net income should also include all of the many cash-related benefits which are enjoyed by the website owners. Those benefits may include the use of a car owned by the website, the website-paid premiums for health, life and auto insurance, website paid memberships to country clubs and spas, travel and entertainment expenses that are actually vacation and taking the wife out to eat expenses. Don’t forget expenses for high speed internet and cable TV that are needed for the website but also provide entertainment for the whole family. There are many, many other hidden personal expenditures in any typical website business, subscriptions to magazines, gifts for your wife and girlfriend and similar †Å"business expense† categories. Interest expense should also be added to adjusted net income, along with accounting entries—such as depreciation and amortization—that can divert money to the owner’s pocket so that it never appears on the bottom line of the P & L.

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

Okies Vs. Californians   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, is a novel depicting the Okies migration to California during the period in history known as The Dustbowl. In this novel Steinbeck attempts to display the tensions between the Okies and the Californians. This display can be closely compared to today’s tensions between citizens born in the US and the Immigrants. Great pieces of literature are timeless in the lessons they teach and the controversy they portray.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tensions between the Okies and the Californians were heated, as are most tensions dealing with land and immigration. The Okies wanted only two things: food and land. â€Å"†¦the new barbarians wanted only one thing – land and food: and to them the two were one.† The â€Å"barbarians† only moved out to California to escape the treacherous conditions of Oklahoma and surrounding states suffering from the Dustbowl; the were attempting to create a better life for their families. The Californians wanted all the luxuries in life, they were living in a land free of Dustbowl worries. â€Å"†¦the Californians wanted many things, accumulation, social success, amusement, luxury, and a curious banking security†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Californians had already established the conditions that the Okies were in search of. They were now attempting to attain extras, and feared that the arrival of the Okies would halt this endeavor. The Okies motives wer e much nobler than the Californians’; but the Californians still felt that the Okies had no right to invade their land. â€Å"And whereas the wants of the Californians were nebulous and undefined the wants of the Okies were beside the roads, lying there to be seen and coveted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Californians did not know what they wanted; their dreams were very unclear. The Okies intentions, on the other hand, were very clear and important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This tension still exists today between Immigrants and US born citizens. Immigration is a constant topics of discussion among politicians, and the US population as a whole. US born citizens become tense with the arrivals of Immigrants; the US citizens are attempting to achieve their American Dream; these Immigrants are, in their minds, and obstacle on their path to success. Like the Californians in the Grapes of Wrath; the Americans have already attained their needs and are attempting to secure luxuries.

Factors Affecting Solubility

There are three main factors that control solubility of a solute. (1) Temperature (2) Nature of solute or solvent (3) Pressure EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Generally in many cases solubility increases with the rise in temperature and decreases with the fall of temperature but it is not necessary in all cases. However we must follow two behaviours: In endothermic process, solubility increases with the increase in temperature and vice versa. For example: solubility of potassium nitrate increases with the increase in temperature. In exothermic process, solubility decrease with the increase in temperature.For example: solubility of calcium oxide decreases with the increase in temperature. Gases are more soluble in cold solvent than in hot solvent. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent. A polar solute dissolved in polar solvent. Solubility of a non-polar solute in a solvent is large. A polar solute has low solubil ity or insoluble in a non-polar solvent. EFFECT OF PRESSURE The effect of pressure is observed only in the case of gases. An increase in pressure increases of solubility of a gas in a liquid.For example carbon dioxide is filled in cold drink bottles (such as coca cola, Pepsi 7up etc. ) under pressure. Properties of Solution Concentration The concentration of a solution is the measure of how much solute and solvent there is. A solution is concentrated if it contains a large amount of solute, or dilute if contains a small amount. Molarity Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. It is abbreviated with the symbol M, and is sometimes used as a unit of measurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molar solution of HCl. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HCl for every 10 litres of water (or whatever the solvent as). Molality Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is abbreviated with the symbol m (lowercase), and is sometimes used as a unit of me asurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molal solution of HBr. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HBr for every 10 kilograms of water (or whatever the solvent was). Mole Fraction The mole fraction is simply the moles of solute per moles of solution. As an example, you dissolve one mole of NaCl into three moles of water. Remember that the NaCl will dissociate into its ions, so there are now five moles of particles: one mole Na+, one mole Cl-, and three moles water.The mole fraction of sodium is 0. 2, the mole fraction of chloride is 0. 2, and the mole fraction of water is 0. 6. The mole fraction is symbolized with the Greek letter (chi), which is often written simply as an X. Dilution Dilution is adding solvent to a solution to obtain a less concentrated solution. Perhaps you have used dilution when running a lemonade stand. To cut costs, you could take a half-full jug of rich, concentrated lemonade and fill it up with water. The resulting solution would have the same total amount of sugar a nd lemon juice, but double the total volume. Its flavour would be weaker due to the added water.The key concept is that the amount of solute is constant before and after the dilution process. The concentration is decreased (and volume increased) only by adding solvent. Thus, the number of moles of solute before and after dilution are equal. moles1 = moles2 By definition of molarity, you can find the moles of solvent. M x V = moles Substituting the second equation into the first gives the dilution equation. M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 To determine the amount of solvent (usually water) that must be added, you must know the initial volume and concentration, and the desired concentration.Solving for V2 in the above equation will give you the total volume of the diluted solution. Subtracting the initial volume from the total volume will determine the amount of pure solvent that must be added. Ionic Solutes When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they separate into ions. This process is called diss ociation. Note that because of dissociation, there are more moles of particles in the solution containing ions than there would be with the solute and solvent separated. If you have two glasses of water, and you dissolve salt into one and sugar into the other, there will be a big difference in concentration.The salt will dissociate into its ions, but sugar (a molecule) will not dissociate. If the salt were NaCl, the concentration would be double that of the sugar. If the salt were MgCl2, the concentration would be triple (there are three ions). Solubility Rules Not all ionic compounds are soluble. Some ionic compounds have so much attractive force between their anions and cations that they will not dissociate. These substances are insoluble and will not dissolve. Instead, they clump together as a solid in the bottom of solution. Many ionic compounds, however, will dissociate in water and dissolve.In these cases, the attractive force between ion and water is greater than that between cation and anion. There are several rules to help you determine which compounds will dissolve and which will not. Solubility Rules 1. All compounds with Group 1 ions or ammonium ions are soluble. 2. Nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble. 3. Compounds containing a halogen are soluble, except those with fluorine, silver, or mercury. If they have lead, they are soluble only in hot water. 4. Sulfates are soluble, except when combined with silver, lead, calcium, barium, or strontium. . Carbonates, sulfides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates are insoluble, except for rule #1. 6. Hydroxides are insoluble except when combined with calcium, barium, strontium, or rule #1. Sometimes, when two different ionic compounds are dissolved, they react, forming a precipitate that is insoluble. Predicting these reactions requires knowledge of the activity series and solubility rules. These reactions can be written with all ions, or without the spectator ions (the ion that don't react, present o n both sides of the reaction), a format known as the net ionic equation.For example, silver nitrate is soluble, but silver chloride is not soluble (see the above rules). Mixing silver nitrate into sodium chloride would cause a cloudy white precipitate to form. This happens because of a double replacement reaction. Electrolytes When solutes dissociate (or if a molecule ionizes), the solution can conduct electricity. Compounds that readily form ions, thus being good conductors, are known as strong electrolytes. If only a small amount of ions are formed, electricity is poorly conducted, meaning the compound is a weak electrolyte.A strong electrolyte will dissolve completely. All ions dissociate. A weak electrolyte, on the other hand, will partially dissociate, but some ions will remain bonded together. Colligative Properties Some properties are the same for all solute particles regardless of what kind. These are known as the colligative properties. These properties apply to ideal solut ions, so in reality, the properties may not be exactly as calculated. In an ideal solution, there are no forces acting between the solute particles, which is generally not the case. Vapor PressureAll liquids have a tendency for their surface molecules to escape and evaporate, even if the liquid is not at its boiling point. This is because the average energy of the molecules is too small for evaporation, but some molecules could gain above average energy and escape. Vapor pressure is the measure of the pressure of the evaporated vapor, and it depends on the temperature of the solution and the quantities of solute. More solute will decrease vapor pressure. The vapor pressure is given by Rauolt's Law, where X is the mole fraction of the solvent.Notice that the vapor pressure equals that of the pure solvent when there is no solute (X = 1). If X = 0, there would be no vapor pressure at all. This could only happen if there were no solvent, only solute. A solid solute has no vapor pressure . P solution = P pure solvent (X solvent) If two volatile substances (both have vapor pressures) are in solution, Rauolt's Law is still used. In this case, Rauolt's Law is essentially a linear combination of the vapor pressures of the substances. Two liquids in solution both have vapor pressures, so this equation must be used. P solution = P1 (X1) + P2(X2)The second equation shows the relationship between the solvents. If two liquids were mixed exactly half-and-half, the vapor pressure of the resulting solution would be exactly halfway between the vapor pressures of the two solvents. Another relation in Henry's Law, which shows the relationship between gas and pressure. It is given by Cg = k Pg , where C is concentration and P is pressure. As the pressure goes up, the concentration of gas in solution must also increase. This is why soda cans release gas when they are opened – The decrease in pressure results in a decrease in concentration of CO2 in the soda.Boiling Point Elev ation A liquid reaches its boiling point when its vapor pressure is equal to the atmosphere around it. Because the presence of solute lowers the vapor pressure, the boiling point is raised. The boiling point increase is given by: ?T solution = Kb X m solution The reduced vapor pressure increases the boiling point of the liquid only if the solute itself is non-volatile, meaning it doesn't have a tendency to evaporate. For every mole of non-volatile solute per kilogram of solvent, the boiling point increases by a constant amount, known as the molal boiling-point constant (Kb).Because this is a colligative property, K2 is not affected by the kind of solute. Freezing Point Depression A liquid reaches its freezing temperature when its vapor pressure is equal to that of its solid form. Because the presence of the solute lowers the vapor pressure, the freezing point is lowered. The freezing point depression is given by: ? T solution = K f X m solute Again, this equation works only for non- volatile solutes. The temperature of the freezing point decreases by a constant amount for every one mole of solute added per kilogram solvent. This constant (K f) is known as the molar freezing-point constant.Osmosis If you studied biology, you would know that osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane. If two solutions of different molarity are placed on opposite sides of a semipermiable membrane, then water will travel through the membrane to the side with higher molarity. This happens because the water molecules are â€Å"attached† to the solvent molecules, so they cannot travel through the membrane. As a result, the water on the side with lower molarity can more easily travel through the membrane than the water on the other side. The pressure of this osmosis is given in the equation. ? = MRTWhere pi is the pressure, M is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. Electrolytes and Colligative Properties When one mole of table salt is added t o water, the colligative effects are double those that would have occurred if sugar were added instead. This is because the salt dissociates, forming twice as many particles as sugar would. This dissociation, called the Van't Hoff Factor describes how many particles that are dissociated into the solution and must be multiplied into the Boiling Point Elevation or Vapor Pressure Lowering equations. Different ways of expressing the concentration of solutionsMass Percentage The mass percentage of a component in a given solution is the mass of the component per 100g of the solution. For e. g. , if WA is the mass of the component A, WB is the mass of the component B in a solution. Then, Example: A 10% solution of sodium chloride in water (by mass) means that 10g of sodium chloride are present in 100g of the solution. Volume percentage This unit is used in case of a liquid dissolved in another liquid. The volume percentage is defined as the volume of the solute per 100 parts by volume of s olution. For e. g. , If VA is the volume of component A present is Vsol volume of the solution.Then, For e. g. , a 10% solution of ethanol C2H5OH, in water (by volume) means that 10cm3 of ethanol is present in 100cm3 of the solution. Strength of a solution is defined as the amount of the solute in gms, present in one litre of the solution. It is expressed as gL-1. Mathematically, Molarity Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Mathematically, For e. g. , If ‘a' is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Molarity is expressed by the symbol M. It can also be expressed as, NormalityNormality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents (gm. e) of a solute dissolved per litre of the given solution. Mathematically it is, For e. g. , If a is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Normality is expressed by the symbol N. It can also be expressed as, Relationship between molarity and normality The molarity and normality of a solution is related to each other as follows: Molality Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g of a solvent. Mathematically, it is expressed as Molality is expressed by the symbol m.Molality does not change with temperature. Formality In case of ionic compounds like KCl, CaCO3 etc. Formality is used in place of molarity. It is the number of gram formula masses of solute dissolved per liter of the solution. It is denoted by the symbol F. Mathematically it is given as, Mole Fraction It is the ratio of number of moles of one component (solute or solvent) to the total number of moles of all the components (solute and solvent) present in the solution. It is denoted by the symbol X. Let us suppose that a solution contains two components A and B and suppose that nA moles of A and nB moles of B are present in the solution then,Adding eq (i) and (ii) we g et XA + XB = 1 Parts per million (ppm) When a solute is present in very small amounts, its concentration is expressed in parts per million. It is defined as the amount of the solute present in one million parts of the solution. It may be noted that the concentration units like molarity, mole fraction etc. are preferred as they involve the weight of the solute and solvent, which is independent of the temperature. But units like, molarity, normality etc. , involve volume of the solution, hence changes with temperature.

Disadvantaged Status

Do you wish to be considered a disadvantaged applicant by any of your designated medical schools that may consider such factors (social, economic, or educational)? The initiative in creating change has always been an integral aspect of man. Equipped with their relative skills and competencies, they engage in various efforts to create opportunities that will improve their capabilities and cater to the service of individuals. Amidst the trials and difficulties in the process, hard work and determination remains to be a vital factor in attaining their desired objectives and purpose in life.With this mindset, I wish to present my intention to apply at this prestigious institution. I feel that I should be considered as a disadvantaged applicant because of the fact that I indeed have faced challenges that qualify me for such. At a very young age, I have always been financially challenged and this led to a number of difficulties as well. Not having enough money, I did not have access to cle an water or electricity. Since I was living in a devastated area, I had to walk in fear at night just to get clean water.From an educational standpoint, I could only read in candlelight at night under the covers for fear of being discovered. School was the highlight of my day. Though I had to walk about 10 to 15 miles to school every day, I still looked forward to being able to learn more and escape from the harsh realities of my life by learning about other places. I did not have the benefit of having my own textbook and would share with my more fortunate classes as we were crammed into tiny rooms since there were not enough teachers.Suffice it to say that this experience has not only prepared me for life but it has also taught me the value of a good education. I do not wish to be called disadvantaged because I feel that what I went through was not a disadvantage but more of an advantage since it prepared me for this moment. Coming to America became easier because while I had to wo rk and support myself while in school this was in stark contract from the perilous circumstances of my childhood.I have been working full time most of the time and go to school full time to support myself and my family in Ethiopia financially even though I had financial aid and student loan. I work hard every day because I want to be able to give my family the same opportunity that I had to have a good education and some day be able to live a good life. As such, I will never let my grades fall low, let alone be average. I will work hard to get the best grade for I am confident in myself because I have a strong academic background. I have consistently received the best grades in my high school years until today thanks to my work ethic.As for me, scholarship recipient means taking more responsibilities compare to other students and must be leading other students all the way. I will be the one who will serve role models for other students. That is why I believe that this scholarship is a crucial step for me. My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well.While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance, I also believe in charity. I believe in helping others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed. I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me. I believe that (Insert Name of University) is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women Essay

Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wives or partners runs contrary to many of our deeply ingrained beliefs about men and women, female or male violence against men is a well-documented phenomenon almost completely ignored by both the media and society (Watson 2013). The majority of male victims do not report being abused because of the fear that people will not believe them. Men are also silent on the issue because of society’s automatic perception that men are physically stronger and should easily be able to overcome a female attacker. Countless stories tell of men who are physically abused by women calling the police only to be arrested themselves when the police arrive. One story tells of a man being driven to the hospital by the police after his wife struck him with a frying pan as he slept; the wife was not arrested. Many men who experience violence from their wives during marriage are advised not to bring up such incidents in their divorce proceedings because the court may consider it an act of violence against the wife. In these cases, perception takes center stage and allows women to get away with abuse while men pay the unjust consequences. The children isolate themselves, want go to school, lying to protect the family, acting out, even bed wetting. In the long run those children that are witnessing the violence can be come abusive themselves. A family under stress produces children under stress† (Ackerman & Pickering1989). In America about 3 million children witness some type domestic violence. Children that witness domestic violence in the home are at risk of being battered themselves either by the batterer or by the victim. The long term effects of such violence can create a cycle that spans from generation to generation. Facts show 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men have experience an attempted or completed rape. Three women are killed by a current or former intimate partner each day in America, on average. Over 22 percent of women to 7. 4 percent of men reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime. Women who were physically assaulted by an intimate partner averaged 6. 9 physical assaults per year, 37% of women seeking injury-related treatment in hospital emergency rooms were there because of injuries inflicted by a current or formal spouse/partner. Women are at an increased risk of harm shortly after separation from an abusive partner. As previously mentioned, the majority of statistics show that women are victims of domestic violence. However, here are some more facts according to the Domestic Violence against Men. It 100 domestic violence cases, 40% of these were against men, 60% against women. In a 1995 to 1996 study conducted by the U. S. Department of Justice (as published in 2000), out of 8,000 women 25% were subjected to domestic violence. Out of the 8,000 men 7. 5% were also victims of domestic violence. The same 1995 to 1996 study estimated that, annually, in the U. S. , about 1. 5 million women and around 830,000 men are victims of domestic violence. That’s almost a 2:1 ratio of women versus men who were subjected to domestic violence. †(Graham-Kevan, 2013). On the other hand, several conflicts destroy a relationship. The biggest conflicts that seem more widely publicized and always at the forefront are infidelity, poor financial handling, sex, children and abuse. Seemingly, abuse is something that is more tolerated and unmentioned as a code of silence on both sides of the relationship. According to (Tjaden, P& Thoennes, N 1998) women are more likely to report abuse than men. Usually this is the case because the victim are too ashamed to mention the abuse, and unless either witnessed or displays visible signs of abuse it will be tolerated until the victim has had enough, or until death occurs. Guilt most often what keeps the victim, at the hands of their abuser, that internal turmoil that the victim goes through with leaving the since of feeling responsible, the feeling of leaving the relationship and the household, this alone is the underlying reasons behind not leaving, not wanting to separate the household. Self-blame can not be avoided for some of those who believe that they just have not done enough, the only thing that will help is time, distance and healing and too not get into another relationship until they are completely ready. It is estimated that about 3. 2 million men are victims of assault by their partner each year in the United States. However, most of these assaults are relatively minor, such as hitting, smacking, pushing, and shoving, others are much more serious. It has raised serious questions about â€Å"implementation of arrest policies, equivalency of intimate partner aggression across genders, and management of female domestic violence offenders. This study compares demographic characteristics, criminal history variables, and the past domestic violence history of men and women arrested for domestic assault against a heterosexual intimate partner. Using victim reported information and data collected by local criminal justice agencies, we found that female arrestees were significantly less likely than males to have histories that warrant concern regarding the potential for future violence. (Henning, K. , & Feder, L. 2004, 19(2), 69-80). The warning signs to look for in domestic violence. Many of the signs women are taught to interpret as caring, attentive, and romantic are actually early warning signs f or future abuse. Here are some examples which includes constantly asks were you are going or were you at. Insists on you spend most of you time with cutting you off from family and friends. Accuses you of infidelity. Gets extremely anger when things do not go their way and speak negative of other women. With men there are no signs for them to follow the advice that I have is to watch for some of the same things that women look out for. Some may even result in homicide by the same partner. The main goal is to strengthen families through treatment, counseling and education; suggestions involved mandating intervention Programs for men and women, couples’ counseling, mediation, and judicial trainings, by implementing these helpful systems, it would be more effective towards the decrease of domestic abuse, and assist with repair of the mental capacity of the abused and the family in a whole. In most domestic violence issues it usually is a woman but has you can see men are also victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence could be even eradicated or all together dismissed. Society is beginning to realize that domestic violence is an increasingly growing issue and must continue to work towards implementing programs to decrease it within the home. Domestic violence is not a private matter, a couple’s matter, or a domestic squabble. It is the choice of the abuser. Domestic violence is a way for a person to control another person.

My experience on censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

My experience on censorship - Essay Example Where censorship goes to far is when someone wants to hide damaging information about them from being released to the public. This is common with many Middle Eastern leaders due to the local culture accepting such practices. One moment that shaped my personal awareness about censorship was last year during the Ramadan festival. It is common that television shows are censored at the time of Ramadan because it is considered to be â€Å"unholy† to focus on worldly things. During last year’s festival, there were many political protests all over the Arab world. To focus on these protests, there were some shows that talked about the demonstrations and played clips of some of the fighting. Because this was and is still a sensitive issue, many of the television channels in Dubai blocked these shows. The reasons given for this action were very vague and no one could understand why they had done so. I had personally become very interested in the Arab spring, so to see television programming covering it banned made me think that too much censorship is actually a bad thing. If, as many governments claim, the violence is perpetrated by opposition terrorist, then show the footage and let the people deci de for themselves. The only reason why they would choose to censor these stories was if the programs gave an opinion that reflected badly on the government. Thus, the government chooses to censor these programs in order to protect their own means. No thought had been given to the people who want to find out information by themselves rather than rely on secondary sources. My opinion over censorship changed from this incident because there was no good reason to censor news from the Arab Spring other than it might further fuel the fire that many people feel towards their governments. Censorship is a subject that provokes a lot of debate because there are different reasons why it

A Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Film Review - Essay Example All the changes that the characters undergo, however slight it may seem, affects their future and shows how they are all connected and how they affect each other though they may not realize it. Each of the three attempts to save Manni ends differently but the ability to go back in time and to repeat her day allow her to reconsider her decisions and to make a better one. Along the way she encounters people that she bumps into in the streets and her actions show that time does not only affect her but also these people whose future is projected after their chance meeting. First is the woman who has a baby in the stroller that she bumps into, then the guy who tries to sell her a bike, then Mr. Meyer coming out of a driveway and the bank employee. The other people she sees along the way also have an effect on how she is able to solve the problem and how they interact in her future. Her father and his mistress is an important part of finally having a different decision. Additionally, the slight differences such as the dog on the stairs, the group of nuns, the bank security guard, the old woman Lola asks for time, the ambulance, and the blind lady who lent Manni the phone card al l have participations in what happens and how their future play out. The first attempt is a failure where Lola dies as she comes too late and Manni had already entered the grocery store declaring robbery. At first she goes to her father who is an executive at a large bank but he refuses to give her money and sends her away. When she finds Manni inside blaming her for being too late, she enters and takes a gun she doesn’t know how to operate and Manni tells her to take off the safety. They made a run for it but the police caught up and one was surprised and fired a gun to Lola and she dies. In this first attempt, the woman with the stroller loses her child to child services and

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example This song has a speaker just like any other literature. Prufrock is the speaker who effectively addresses a potential lover. He would force the moment to its crisis by hurriedly consummating their relationship, â€Å"Let us go then, ......... Like a patient etherized ......................; The muttering retreats .......................," (Eliot 1). He then eavesdrops what people are saying about him and changes his decision and heart. This makes him to coward back and also reminds him of so much knowledge he has in life and not to "dare," (Eliot 40) mess it up. J. Alfred Prufrock love song is an anguish of an urban or modern man, stroke with a mixture of feelings. These feelings are the ones that best give the tone of the entire song. The tone of the song is loving and desperate at some point. The song is a mixture of emotions. The loving emotion is shown when Prufrock says," Let us go then, you and I" (Eliot 1). This tone is vivid throughout the song and helps bring out the speakers characteristic of being loving. The tone of despair also comes out very strongly. Especially when the speaker realizes that he might lose something that he has been holding on for some good time in memorial. When he says, â€Å"And indeed there will be time to wonder, "Do I dare?" and, "Do I dare?" .Time to turn back and descend the stair, with a bald spot in the middle of my hair† (Eliot 4). The tone also helps in bringing out the speaker’s character that is not expressly brought out in the song.                              This love song is a literary drama that contains the dramatic monolog . This is brought out by the specific utterances of a specific individual, not within the song at a specific moment in time. This is shown by, [They will say: "How his hair is growing thin!"] and [They will say: "But how his arms and legs are thin!"], (Eliot 4). These monologue utterances are also directed to the

Student Accomodations in Lesson Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student Accomodations in Lesson Planning - Essay Example This emphasis on creating hopes in students' heads so that they can work to make them into a reality is a contrast to putting all our energy into developing and creating an effective subject-centered lesson plan. Cooperative learning is effective in IEP education because hey help students to communicate and socialize. In contrast to other lesson formats, cooperative learning is based on discussions and group work. The main similarities between these formats are that they set clear objectives and require instructions; they check understanding and have a practical application step. The main difference is that discovery lesson and cooperative learning models require additional equipment and assessment, while a critical thinking model uses evaluation step. It means being totally involved, completely engaged in doing one's schoolwork. It means total attentiveness and participation in the learning activity (Bateman, 2006). 2. The essential elements of IEP are general intelligence, emotional intelligence, academics: health issues and effective communication. Also, each EIP should have clear ejectives and aims, measurable and observable behavior and stipulated assessment criteria. In a standardized lesson format, a critical thinking model can be used as a frame work of the lesson plan. ... del implies sessions in which teachers encourage students to imagine what it would be like to be successful (including how it might be scary in some ways); how they would feel to know the subject well, to get a good grade, to get approval from their parents and teachers. Students as well as athletes need hopes; not just problems, not just the current reality (Irvine et al 2000). Cooperative model can be a part of the lesson required discussions and personal opinion. Students can begin to focus on improving those areas that are particularly retarding their school success, whether it be some character trait, a health issue, self-management skills, self-defeating ways they think, writing skills, and so forth. To do that, a student is going to have to learn to ask for and accept help from the school. And the school and community, from their side, must be prepared to give the help students need. For example, if a student sees that he has a problem with alcohol that is getting in the way, somewhere in his world there has to be people and programs waiting to respond. The general accommodations for students should involve the use of yellow chalk to reduce glare, the teacher should repeat words written on the blackboard, it is better to use only black print handouts, alternative assignments should be proposed to students who cannot follow the lesson plan. A special attention should be paid to starting, lighting, timing (extended time for tests and more breaks), repeat presentations and immediate response, special test preparation. Sorting students by ability, past achievement, or skill, or whatever, narrows the range of diversity in a classroom and enables teachers to gear materials, assignments, and content to the students' capabilities, interests, and styles. Moreover,